F 1466 
.E85 
Copy 1 



/ 7^/?/;^^ 



Manuel Estrada Cabrera's 

Place 
In History 



By 

EDWARD H. WELCH 



San Francisco, California 
February 8, 1916. 



Jos. M, Torres, Printer, 509 Sansome St, , S. F, 



Manuel Estrada Cabrera's 

Place 
In History 



By 

EDWARD H. WELCH 



San Francisco, California 
February 8, 1916. 






By transfer 
The IZiite House. 




MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA 

PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF GUATEMALA 



Manuel Estrada Cabrera's 
Place in History 




ITH entire independence of jndgment and witliont any 
bias whatever on account of nationality or interest in 
Latin-American politics, nor with any regard to pe- 
cuniar}^ gain, but actuated solely b}^ a deep sense of 
justice, we undertake to publish this pamphlet with the assurance 
to our readers that every statement contained in its pages is 
made in conformity with the truth. 

Having traveled through the Republic of Guatemala from 
one end to the other, we have studied carefully and with an 
open mind the social and economic conditions and customs of 
the jDeople, and are able impartially to refer to her past, describe 
the present and give a glimpse of her bright future. 

Guatemala's geographical position is splendid; situated be- 
tween the Pacific and the Atlantic her abundant rivers irri- 
gate the fertile lands which, under the influence of salubrious 
climates — temperate in the Central and Northern territory and 
tropical in the South and along the coasts — are admirably 
adapted for the cultivation of the products of every zone of 
the world. 

Rich in minerals of gold and silver, and until the present 
almost unexploited, her mines need only adequate development 
to extract those precious metals and bless the land with abundant 
wealth. 

This beautiful region of the American continent, gifted by 
nature with exceptional advantages, is inhabited by an honest 
and intelligent population, which receives the worthy and enter- 
prising stranger without discrimination as to race, nationality 
or religious creed. 



The history of Guatemala until 1898, may be briefly sum- 
marized thus: discovered by Spain in the beginning of the Six- 
teenth Century and like all the other countries conquered by 
those adventurers, converted to the fanatical religious creed 
which predominated in the Middle Ages, her soil became the 
theatre of horrible and bloody deeds which gave the absolute 
dominion over the lands to those audacious warriors, who sub- 



6 MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 

jected the poor Indians-^tlie real and lawful owners— to poverty 
and the exactions of brutal force which served as the only and 
supreme law of the land. 

The events of the colonization period are well known without 
going into details: the same system that governed Mexico w^as 
adopted in its inexorable form in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, 
Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Cuba, 
Puerto Eico, Santa Domingo and the five portions of Central 
America which then constituted the Viceroyship of Guatemala. 

The Spanish domination lasted three hundred long years and 
ended in 1821, when the most notable citizens, faithfully in- 
terpreting the public opinion and in conjunction with the au- 
thorities, proclaimed on the 15tli of September the liberty and 
independence of these countries. 

The domination over these countries by Aiigustin Iturbide, 
founder of the Mexican Empire, lasted onl}^ a brief period, and 
when it ceased they formed a Federation; but, unfortunately, 
this union was of short duration, as they soon separated into 
five republics, known geographically as the Central American 
States. 

Guatemala, like the rest of the countries of Latin origin, in- 
herited the vices and the defects of the Mother Country, whence 
we soon discover that since its emanci|)ation the political s^^stem 
adopted by its people was of the same character as that followed 
by the old dominant regime — that is, an absolute government 
supported by bayonets to maintain and perpetuate privileged 
coteries and the aristocratic class which exploited the natives 
and forced them to labor like serfs; and this infamous method 
of governing a people, which had just emerged from the colonial 
yoke, was called Conservatism; that party exercised its dismal 
influence until 1871, when the Liberal Party sprang triumph- 
antly into being and inaugurated the E evolution which has 
brought a new era of liberty, progress and civilization. 

The contest between the tw^o political parties became the]i 
intense; the advanced element struggled to establish the desired 
reforms, while the retrograde faction, though already defeated, 
still maintained its resistance supported by the fanatical grip 
of old traditions which would maintain the laws of semi- 
feudalism, the franchises, the influence of prominent families, 
and the prerogatives of church and clergy; the latter was rich 
in worldly possessions and owned the people's conscience through 
their ignorance and superstition. 

But resolutety following out its purposes, the Liberal Party 
was victorious and slowly began the great task of popular edu- 



MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 7 

cation ; in this way the country entered the great path of progress 
under the leadership of nien-of energy and conAdctions who have 
placed Guatemala alongside the great nations of modern time. 

In 1885 died the illustrious chief of the Liberal Party ( Justo 
Rufino Barrios), a victim of his ideals, in heroic and memor- 
able combat, a martyr to the great idea of uniting the five 
republics and establishing a strong nationality — the dream of all 
good citizens of Central America. 

Though the noble idea failed, the Liberal Party continued 
in power, although not always faithful to its principles, due to 
the weak and vacillating character of the new chief executive 
who, after the expiration of his term in March, 1892, turned over 
the affairs of government to his successor — and this man had 
the good judgment to appoint, as the Secretary of the Interior 
and Justice, the great man who since has filled the pages of 
history of his countr}^ with man}^ brilliant deeds. 



Although very young when appointed to such office, his 
biography up to that time was meritorious and gives an insight 
of his character, his services and his talents. 

Manuel Estrada Cabrera was born in the City of Quezalte- 
nango on the 21st of November, 1857. During the early years 
he Avas under the care of his loving mother, who bred into 
the child the character which afterwards grew and produced 
such excellent results and of whose integrity and energy we 
have such abundant proof during his long and memorable public 
career. 

From the very beginning, of life appear the promising signs 
of his future; indeed, but few examples of eminent men are 
known that show at such an early age a . development of mental 
power equal to that of the illustrious personage whose biography 
We herein briefly describe. 

His predilection for the profession of law induced him to 
begin very young, without any help from relatives or wealthy 
friends, to study jurisprudence ; meantime, he worked to support 
his mother and himself, encouraged by the noble ambition that 
some day he would be able to realize his aim — to support his 
good mother during her remaining jesn'S and to devote his talents 
and knowledge to the welfare and advancement of his country. 

After many years of sacrifices and hard study he succeeded 
in obtaining his diploma as attorney-at-law, whereupon he com- 
menced to exercise this profession which was to lead him to 
the highest honors and merited distinction. 



8 MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 

It would be too long a task to enumerate tlie many cases in 
which the 3^oung jurist distinguished himself. Suffice that we 
copy the following paragraphs written by one of his admirers: 

"Exercising his profession in the city of his birth, he became 
famed as intelligent, honest and charitable. 

''His intelligence was so great that he was held to be the most 
learned in the knowledge of law; the ablest person to interpret 
and cite the law before the judges and the courts in the defense 
of his numerous clients. 

"Honest, because he would take charge of a case.^ not for the 
sake of profit as generally happens, but moved by a sense of 
justice, which led him on to victory on all occasions b}^ means 
of his wisdom in argumentation and his eloquence in speaking. 

"Charitable, as he showed when helping the destitute, defend- 
ing them and paying out of his own pocket the exj)enses of the 
trial; his only object being that the rich and powerful should 
never deprive a poor man of what legally belonged to him." 

His integrity was well known and because of the confidence 
all had in his uprightness, he won the appointment as Superior 
Judge of Retalhuleu, which office he was obliged to accept — to 
the great loss of his private business and his numerous clientele. 

Only for a short time did he perform his duties at this post, 
as the government found it advisable to transfer him to the same 
position in the City of Quezaltenango, which office he filled 
with such great satisfaction, that the people gave him the proud 
title of the Champion Defender of Justice. One year afterwards, 
at a general election, his fellow citizens made him Mayor of the 
city, at a time when disorder reigned everywhere, due to the hard 
struggles of local political parties. 

Says one of his biographers: "This was indeed a post of 
honor, though difficult and troublesome; it burdened Mm with 
the gravest duties and responsibilities, which he assumed and ful- 
filled with dignity, satisfaction and such success that, in recog- 
nition of his eminent services, he obtained by unanimous vote at 
the general election, a seat in the National Legislative Assembly 
for his own Department." 

He was always known as a loving son and a diligent student; 
as a learned jurist and a just and upright judge ; as a good patriot 
and an unselfish citizen. Hitherto, his great qualities had re- 
ceived recognition in only a few departments, but now we see 
him placed before the eyes of the entire nation as the representa- 
tive of one of the richest and most important Departments of the 
Republic. 



MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 9 

It was precisely at tliis time that the public life of this ex- 
ceptional man began; it was then that judicious and patriotic 
citizens could foresee the bright future of the 3^oung orator, 
who in eloquent speeches displayed the extent of his political 
and economic knowledge. 

While from his parliamentary seat he advocated the inalien- 
able rights of the people against misuse and usurpation of power, 
which eveiy where is found more or less tyrannical and lawless; 
he also, when finding it necessary, expressed vigorousl}^ his 
opinions in the press for the purpose of enlightening the pro- 
letarian masses regarding the principles of democracy and teach- 
ing them their duties and their rights as good citizens. 

High, indeed, stands the noble character of this eminent 
statesman, who, without the aid, protection or influence from any 
source, but solely through his knowledge and talents, ascended to 
the first place among the many distinguished public men of the 
Liberal Party, to which he owes allegiance and which represents 
the genuine interests and aspirations of the Guatemalan People. 

Such a personality naturally brought to the new government, 
presided over b}^ General Jose Maria Reina Barrios, valuable 
assistance and prestige acquired through long and. distinguished 
services, and this Avas the high political consideration which in- 
duced that government to appoint him Minister of the Interior 
and Justice. 

It would take many pages if we were to state in detail the 
many measures that through Ms initiative and indefatigable 
labor were executed for the betterment of |)ublic affairs, which 
imtil then, in all branches, had been more or less neglected. 

As a matter of course he devoted special attention to the 
reformation of all departments that came under his immediate 
supervision and for six years these departments were greath^ 
benefited through his direction and assiduous labor. 

As a jurisconsult of superior abilit}^ his decisions bore ample 
fruit and resulted in greatly improving the judicial adminis- 
tration and placing it on an equalit^y with those to be found in 
the most civilized countries of the world. 

One of his first achievements, which reveals his expertness 
as a jurist, was the compilation of the civil and penal laws 
in code form, which was accomplished in such a systematic 
manner as to obviate the trouble and difficulty that obtained 
before when those wishing to apply or consult them had to 
resort to newspapers and other scattered publications, 



10 MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 

Although it woukl take much space, as we said before, to 
enumerate the improvements that Guatemala derived from the 
endeavors of the Secretary of the Interior and Justice during 
the six years that Manuel Estrada Cabrera held office, we believe 
it our duty to mention some of the most important. 

It is highly commendable to note the interest he took in 
reorganizing the General Hospital which was in great need of 
such attention and which through his care became thoroughly 
equipped and put under regulations similar to those maintained 
in Europe and the United States for the l^enefit of the poor class. 

While in the Capital City the homeless sick and those de- 
prived of means of subsistence received due attention and care, 
many reforms were also, through his generous initiative, intro- 
duced in all other hospitals of the Republic, and many charitable 
institutions were established in all the principal centers and 
towns that were in need of them. 

In looking after the welfare of the little ones — which are so 
dear to him — he has always shown his solicitude for poor and 
neglected children who are most entitled to the consideration 
of noble souls. He has personally prescribed new rules governing 
children in the Orphan Asylum, providing better care and atten- 
tion, improving the food and bettering their conditions, also 
appointing especially selected and competent teachers for their 
education. 

The conditions in the prisons and penitentiaries were deplor- 
able, as according to the barbarous custom of olden times 
criminals were considered deserving only of harsh and cruel 
punislunent. This clement legislator abolished the penalties of 
which those unfortunates were the victims, bettered their food 
and other living conditions, and also inaugurated classes to teach 
trades and occupations to enable them to earn an honest living 
when set free and restored to ordinary life in the community. 

The population of the City of Guatemala, which has increased 
in later years, was greatly in need of a new water suppl}^ Con- 
sequentl}^, its complaint against the government of the munici- 
pality for negligence was justified, as it had failed to provide 
this necessit}^ and exposed the health and welfare of the people to 
grave danger. Manuel Estrada Cabrera, overcoming all diffi- 
culties, at once took steps to buy the landed propert}^ "Aceituno", 
in order to utilize the river Acatan and construct substantial 
aqueducts, by means of which the city Avas abundant^ provided 
with all the water needed for consumption by the people. 



MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERAS PLACE IN HISTORY 11 

111 narrating historical events we are compelled to la}^ aside 
all other considerations and iiinst be confined strictly to the 
truth, even if in so doing we should hurt the sensibilities of some 
who are still living or for whom we entertain the best feelings 
of resjaect and esteem. 

Moreover, disregarding all scrupulous feelings, it is our solemn 
duty to state the bare facts without anv concealment or (con- 
sideration of those guilty of doing wrong to their country, even 
though they may no longer be living. For while we may respect 
their memory, we must discharge our full dut}^ as impartial and 
reliable historians. 

The last acts of the administration of Eeiiia Barrios were full 
of errors and the country felt the effects to a marked degree. 
Hence arose the misunderstanding between the President and his 
adviser, the Secretary of the Interior. The suggestions offered 
by the latter were not accepted and as a consequence the blunders 
occurred which he had foreseen and which he had sought to 
prevent. 

There was no other alternative for the profound statesman 
than to tender his resignation as member of the cabinet, which 
he did, and his resignation was accepted ; he was then appointed 
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the govern- 
ment of Costa Rica, in which country, during his short sta}^, he 
discharged the trust confided to his care successfully and won 
the respect and esteem' of all classes. 

In the meantime, we must confess, the mistakes and blunders 
committed in Guatemala were on the increase. Great dissatis- 
faction was felt eveiywliere, and as the sad result a revolution 
broke out, which the government suppressed only after making 
niaii}^ sacrifices. 

To make the unfortunate situation worse an economic depres- 
sion began which assumed great proportions. The government 
considered it necessary to raise a nominal loan; the schools were 
closed, the National Treasury was suppressed and all public 
works suspended operation. Indeed, we must acknowledge with 
deepest sorrow : the country was in a terrible crisis, bankrupt and 
on the brink of an abj^'ss. 

Reina Barrios, though a patriot of good intentions, but of 
mediocre intelligence, needed the advice and directing force of 
the powerful mind that had been his right arm and guide during 
the memorable and best years of his administration; and left to 
the mercy of men without ability, tact or experience, he was like 
a ship without a compass and on the verge of shipwreck. His 
proposal to prolong the presidential term for four more years 



12 MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 

has been eliaraeterized by some as arbitrai\y, b}^ others as foolish, 
but most critics are of the opinion it wonlch inconvenience the 
country and be detrimental to the good name of the government. 

To put the preconceived plan into effect, its authors exercised 
a]l their influence, almost coerced the members of the National 
Legislative Assembly, without due consideration, to vote for 
extension of the governmental term to four A^ears, leaving no 
time for the nation to express its opinion in regard to such a 
difficult and important question. 

From what we have thus briefly stated one may comprehend 
the perilous condition of Guatemala, when on the night of 
Februar}^ 8, 1898, General Eeina Barrios was assassinated by 
Oscar Zollinger, an alien criminal. 

In accordance with the Constitution it fell upon Manuel 
Estrada Cabrera as Vice-President to assume the Presidency of 
the Bepublic. 

He had returned from Costa Pica onh^ a few days before and 
intended to withdraw from politics and resume his law practice — 
in fact he was making preparations to establish his office from 
which he could go forth with the assurance of winning a com- 
petency in the profession in which his talents, prestige and 
popularity were sure to succeed. 

Scarcely had the tragic event taken place, when in the pres- 
ence of the corpse of the unfortunate President, the members of 
his cabinet were in consultation seeking means to thwart the 
Constitution and place in the high office some one selected from 
their own coterie instead of the one designated bv law — in order 
that they might keej^ on. enjoying the benefits and privileges of 
power. 

The Conservative Part}^, up to that moment in a state of 
half slumber, thought this a good opportunit}^ to strike the 
mortal blow, conquer and crown its ambition to establish its 
retrograde system, b}^ demolishing with ruthless hand the work 
of progress inaugurated by General Justo Eufino Barrios and 
re-establishing the old system of domination over the people b}^ 
the privileged and aristocratic class and exploitation and servi- 
tude of the natives. 

It is certain that the Conservative Party has brought ruin, 
shame and degradation to Spain and all Latin-American Re- 
publics, as any one may learn b}^ reading with dispassionate 
eyes the history of those countries and impartialh^ observing the 
horrible trail of the part}?- during its long and absolute dominion. 



MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 13 

Eeall}^, that political faith, well defined by the Chilean pub- 
lisher, Benjamin Vicuna McKenna, is as terrible as the Colonial 
System itself of which it is the s^oectre and the scythe. 

The Secretary of War sold himself to the leaders of the Con- 
servative Part}" to which he belonged; seduced by promises and 
encouraged by assurances that several officers in active service 
in the barracks of the capital would co-operate in the criminal 
plan, he became disloyal, betra3dng the most precious gem of 
honor in the eyes of the gallant Guatemalan army, stained his 
record as a militarv officer, and gave his allegiance to treason. 

Manuel Estrada Cabrera understood perfectly the grave re- 
sponsibility duty imposed upon him. 

Without fear or vacillation, and fortified in his conscience 
by the sacred obligations devolving u^jon him before his country 
and histor}^, he presented himself in the midst of the conspiring 
members of the cabinet, calmed all turbulence, subdued the 
revolutionary soldier}^, intimidated the ambitious and muffled 
capitalists through his extraordinary presence of mind and his 
direct apj^lication of the law, restored order with imperturbable 
energy and re-established the government in peace. 

Indeed an extraordinary man this student, lawyer and coun- 
sellor, who in the moment of struggle when his own life was at 
stake, challenged danger and appeared in j)erson before his 
enemies with head erect and stout heart to perforin his duty and 
maintain the Constitution inviolate, the sacred ark of covenant 
where the people keep their honor, life and vital interests. 

What did he do on this memorable occasion after being recog- 
nized legally as the Supreme Chief of the State, in the midst of 
the enthusiasm of the people and of that Army which professed 
its adherence to honor and loyalty'? 

His grand soul, full of noblest sentiments, could find no trace 
of hate, vengeance or spite against those who had plotted his 
ruin, political downfall and death. 

To forget and to forgive was his only thought: "I am a 
Guatemalan and my desire is that the first act of my government 
shall be to pardon those who have done wrong against me per- 
sonally. ' ' 

As it happens in all Spanish countries after disturbances of 
this kind, the general expectation was that the treacherous Secre- 
tary of War and his conspiring friends and accomplices would 
be shot in the public square as an example and warning to others ; 
instead he sent them to their homes and told them not to fear, 
l)ut that the}^ must respect the law to which he was bound as its 
most faithful guardian. 



14 MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 

An equal act of clemency is not on record in the annals of 
human history. 

We must acknowledge that when Manuel Estrada Cabrera 
became the chief executive of the nation, he represented more 
than Legality; he was more than the person designated b}^ the 
Constitution to rule the destiny of his country; he symbolized 
something that is felt in the human conscience, something worthy 
of respect, S3^mpathy and veneration. It is that pure and elevat- 
ing sentiment which naturally is engendered within us when we 
admire that which is above the low and paltry things we com- 
monly find in life. Magnanimous heart of a great man whom the 
Providence of nations selected to do wonderful things to save his 
countrv from ruin, devastation and anarchy! 



As soon as the country became tranquil again, it became 
necessary to consult with the people in order to realize his aims 
for good government, and he hastened to publish a beautiful 
manifesto offering liberties and guarantees to all. 

He announced that all political refugees residing in foreign 
lands might return to their beloved country and assist in the 
work of regeneration which he proposed to commence. "We 
need Peace and Concord," he told them, "to make Guatemala 
great and happy." 

One of his first decrees opened the schools, which as we 
stated, had been closed in the last days of Eeina Barrios' Adminis- 
tration, and ordered the Secretary of Public Instruction to make 
a rigid investigation and report concerning the competency of 
the teachers and other conditions relating to the school system in 
order to obtain the information required to supply what was 
lacking and improve it. 

We have come to an important point in our narrative and 
cannot leave it without commending Manuel Estrada Cabrera 
for the interest he has shown in behalf of popular education, 
which after all is the foundation upon which real progress of 
nations is based. 

If we study philosophically the state of progress or retro- 
gression of a country, says an eminent educator, the efficient cause 
will be found in the character of the public instruction that 
former generations impart to their children. 



MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 15 

In tliese fine intellectual institutions the moral development 
is acquired for the benefit of those who in the future are to guide 
the welfare of the nation. It is there where are engraved in 
earl}^ age the sentiments that are never forgotten — ^and those 
sentiments should be pure and noble, for they make the man a 
villain or a gentleman. 

None of the Latin-American countries has given as much 
attention to this branch of public administration as Guatemala, 
since Manuel Estrada Cabrera got into power. 

This is the subject in which this great statesman is most in- 
terested, because he understands the magnitude and transcen- 
dental inqjortance of developing a properly directed and admin- 
istered system of popular instruction. 

And his beneficent purposes have not been limited to primary 
instruction, but have expanded to the intermediary and higher 
grades as well, even to the universities, which toda}^ are leading 
centers of education, and so acknowledged bv numl^ers of intelli- 
gent foreigners who have visited the country. 

His ambition did not rest satisfied with this, for he established 
IDractical schools which are greatl}^ admired by North Americans 
and Europeans who have seen them. It is a work of his ex- 
clusive design, of which he ought to be justly proud. 

To stimulate teachers and students he instituted the w^ell- 
knowm Festivals of Minerva, which are the most sympathetic 
apotheosis of childhood. He has caused to be constructed a num- 
ber of edifices in which honor is rendered to the teaching of 
children. These beautiful manifestations of the people are paid 
for by the government, which thus reveals an exquisite sensibility 
for culture; and tlie}^ have been imitated by two great republics, 
namely, France in Europe and Argentina in America. 



The highw^ays of communication, without which no progress 
can be made, because they are the arteries through which the 
blood and life of a nation flows, that is the flow of its jjro- 
cluctions, commerce and intercourse with other nations of the 
world, were in February, 1898, in a deplorable state of dilapida- 
tion and neglect. 

To be sure, General Reina Barrios and his friends of the last 
da3^s cared for nothing but one thing — to maintain the unpopular 
government which wanted to remain in power four j^ears longer. 

Manuel Estrada Cabrera put aside all low and selflsh interests 
that opposed his plans for the welfare of Guatemala, and with 



16 MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 

great energy finisliecl the great task of building tlie Northern 
Railroad that connected the Pacific with the Atlantic and which 
constitutes the real foundation for the greatness and prosperity 
of the country. 

Upon the completion of this extensive and costl}^ line which 
connects the Capital City with the sea ports on both oceans, he 
devoted his energies to the construction of other lines and by 
these means shortened the distances and brought the more im- 
portant towns into communication with each other, to the ad- 
vantage and development of industries and coimnerce. 

Likewise, he ordered the reconstruction of roads and high- 
ways to make traffic easier between the villages and smaller 
towns, thus facilitating intercourse between farmers, merchants 
and travelers. 



In a countr}^ essential^ agricultural in character like Guate- 
mala, the attention of public officials ought to be constantly, 
directed towards the protection of agriculture; in this respect 
Manuel Estrada Cabrera has used all his energy and care to 
better this branch of his country's resources, which is the real 
fountain of the prosperit}^ and happiness of the people. 

One of the most praised measures is the one that provides 
for the adjudication of agricultural lands to persons without 
means: through the operation of this law many have been saved 
from misery and the lands have provided sustenance for num- 
berless families, contributing to increased national production. 

The cause of the immense accumulation of wealth in the 
United States is based upon the cession of lands to poor immi- 
grants from Europe, who by their labor have made the wilder- 
ness productive and brought forth immense harvests. At the 
end of the eighteenth century, when she was liberated from 
Great Britain, her population was less than four millions, while 
today, according to the last census, she numbers ninet3''-nine 
millions. 

This fabulous increase is due to the good judgment of its 
government, which distributed the lands among the most needy 
classes, attracted the immigration from the old continent, thus 
building upon the surest of all foundations the marvellous great- 
ness of this admirable country. 

Thus, also, this economist with the great forehead, great 
talents and broad views, understood what was required to govern 
Guatemala, and to him is due the great advance made in agri- 
culture since 1898 to the present time. 



MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 17 

We have now briefl}^- described some of the foremost acts of 
Manuel Estrada Cabrera, and it necessarily remains to proceed 
to give an idea as complete as possible of his character as 
politician, ruler, patriot and philanthropist. 

We shall not be diffusive; we shall state the facts plainly 
and concisely just as they occur,, but without neglecting the 
critical attitude which must accomj^any any historj^ or attempt 
at sketching the truth. 

We shall remain true to this principle and duty as chroniclers, 
as we hope we have already shown and also hope to follow to 
the end. 



Owing to the stupid intervention of General Barillas in the 
affairs of El Salvador, when the two brothers, Carlos and Antonio 
Ezeta, assaulted and assumed power, Guatemala lost the influence 
and respect which she had enjoyed in all other Central American 
States, since each of them constituted a free and independent 
Republic. 

It is sad to have to acknowledge this, but, as we promised, it 
is our purpose to hold to the truth, and we shall not deviate one 
iota from our principle. 

After making an ineffective protest and ridiculous boast, 
Barillas dispatched his troops to the frontier, and several weeks 
after without fighting a single engagement withdrew them, again 
shamefully causing great displeasure and regret to the entire 
country and especially to the officers and soldiers of that valiant 
army that never had laid down arms and always been accustomed 
to heroism and victory. 

Through his blamable behaviour the foolhardy President 
brought upon himself the ill will of the majority of his fellow 
citizens, and having by his blunders in the Salvadorean campaign 
reduced the prestige and sense of honor of the Guatemalan 
soldier, he became worse than unpopular, even considered low 
and contemptible. 

It was imi30ssible from any point of view that after such 
failure he could even think of being re-elected after his term in 
office expired, and though of scanty intelligence, he understood 
the situation and that he ought to retire to private life and never 
again seek to become a factor in the public aifairs of his country. 

During his six years of administration Eeina Barrios ob- 
served the strictest neutrality with the ])order states. El Salvador 



18 MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 

and Honduras, wliicli by reason thereof unjust!}^ imputed this 
studied retirement to be due to fear, which, of course, increased 
their scornful opinion of Guatemala ; and from these circum- 
stances arose those false conclusions and thoughts which inter- 
fere with the natural considerations upon which must be founded 
guaranties of continued existence and the preservation of honor- 
able and permanent peace. 

Manuel Estrada Cabrera was determined to maintain peace 
without humiliation. Let us enjoy that precious gift for the 
people, he said to Guatemala, but I shall demand it frankh^ and 
with dignity. 

Wherefore, he made it clearly understood to all neighboring 
countiies that he maintained such cordial relations as ought to 
exist among sister republics. This was his great desire, as he 
by nature is of a peaceful disposition, loves peace and order in 
his own as well as in other countries. 

But, though desirable, it was impossible to preserve peace, 
because El Salvador, encouraged ])y the weakness and inactivity 
of the preceding administrations of Barillas and Eeina Barrios, 
continued systematically its former acts of provocation; accord- 
ingi}^ it became necessary to take precautions for the main- 
tenance of national interests and honor which had been confided 
to his care by the nation. 

Soon he found himself obliged to accept the challenge sent to 
Guatemala and took steps to repel the outrage by armed force. 

In a few days the Guatemalan army was able to demonstrate 
its strength, indomitable valor and fine discipline by defeating 
the insolent invading army which had to flee, leaving behind it 
to the victors their banners, cannon, and even the corpse of the 
leader who had provoked the conflict. 

After this memorable campaign in which the Guatemelan 
soldier heroically vindicated his good name by demonstrating his 
superiority, all the remaining Central American countries entered 
into relations of mutual respect and friendship so generously 
offered them by the victor. 

Manuel Estrada Cabrera, though only a civilian and diplomat 
by temperament and education, has a very wide and profound 
knowledge of military law; having studied deeply the history of 
humanity and its mau}^ wars, he was able to direct with skill 
the military operations of the Salvadorean campaign, placing 
the army under the command of comj^etent generals who executed 
faithfully the orders of the chief executive tof the state. 



MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 19 

For many years Guatemala endured the abusive behaviour of 
Mexico, her Northern neighbor, who imagined that all she had 
to do was to command and that it was the duty of Guatemala to 
obey without murmur or delay. 

It was really a scandal to observe the humiliations that time 
and again were imposed by Mexico upon a nation of the pride 
and dignity of Guatemala. 

This increasing arrogance, we repeat, took the form of a sort 
of tutelage, to which former administrations had submitted and 
under which thev acceded to every demand from Mexico through 
fear of conflict with this larger neighboring state. But such con- 
ditions were impossible to be endured by such high-minded and 
strenuous a character as Manuel Estrada Cabrera, who combining 
energy with great gifts as statesman, soon was able to put an end 
to this intolerable domination and established a new, stable and 
respected administration of the international relations with 
Mexico, thereby restoring mutual confidence and friendship be- 
tween these neighbors. 



Before mentioning a very delicate matter, we offer a few 
words of explanation. 

However much we should desire to avoid any allusion to the 
subject, we are compelled to deal with it hy reason of our high 
duty as historians to search out all facts of our day for the bene- 
fit of future generations and to dispel and overthrow the many 
falsehoods and calumnies which are engendered through envy 
and malice; wherefore, we proceed with firmness and ardor in 
our endeavor to relate the true facts. 

To prove our veracity as faithful reporters, we may mention 
that we are foreigners and consequently entirely impartial and 
unconcerned in Central American affairs. 

We were born in Scotland and left our beloved mother coun- 
try in order to visit the American continent, through which we 
have traveled extensively. We had no intention of relating our 
impressions of travel, but as we have entered upon the task, we 
must remind our readers what we told them -in the ver}^ beginning 
of this pamphlet, we do it from motives of justice and for the 
sake of truth. 



Manuel Estrada Cabrera devoted from the beginning of his 
government all his energies to the solution of the difficult and 



20 MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 

complicated political problems that affected Guatemala; and 
thanks to his labor and efforts in this behalf, he secured and 
established peace and orderly conditions in place of the in- 
security and anxieties that prevailed in the country during 
former administrations. 

To find the means to effect his purposes with infinite tact 
and wonderful skill — this was the giant task he carried out 
during the eighteen 3^ears that brought about such magnificent 
results. 

In surveying the condition of Latin-American countries, 
from the Eio Grande to the Strait of Magellan, we find that 
those who have reached the highest degree of advancement are 
those that devote themselves to labor and enjoy the peace that a 
stable and effective government offers and guarantees. 

Without such bene^^olent influence, the onty support of free 
institutions under the protection of which are developed all 
material advantages,, like the arts, sciences and public education, 
and everything that constitutes that wonderful chain which we 
call Civilization, there is nothing, nor could there be anything, 
in a community to attract the attention and respect of other 
countries. 

This is the particular thing to which we are driven to refer 
and which was regarded with lamentable indifference before 
Manuel Estrada Cabrera took charge of the executive power 
of the republic. 

Politics, rightly defined, is the Science of governing the people 
correctly; investigating their condition for the purpose of im- 
provement, stud^dng their customs in order to guide them wisely 
according to their inclinations, probing their necessities in order 
to assist them in ever}^ way possible, considering their tendencies 
in order to aid them practically and vrith a view to achieve a wise 
realization of their aims. 

With great experience in the management of public affairs 
and keen and constant attention, he got acquainted with all the 
conditions and proceeded to lietter them, issuing directly and as 
soon as required the proper orders necessary to accomplish the 
general good. 

Well learned in the customs and usages of his people, with 
perfect understanding of their aptitudes and desires, and under 
the most democratic system, he took proper steps to rule them 
with just and sound principles of law. 

As a true and enlightened statesman he provided for the needs 
of all classes in society that required immediate help, and spared 
no effort to relieve them according to the means at hand. 



MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 21 

Imbued with the same desires and aims as his people for 
whom he thought and labored incessantly, sacrificing his own 
ease, personal comfort and health, he led them onward upon the 
path of permanent peace toward the highest ideals of order, 
libert}^ and justice. 

This in epitome is the work of Maimel Estrada Cabrera, 
whereby such brilliant results have been achieved for Guatemala 
today and upon which firm and vast foundation its future pros- 
perity and progress rests. 



In a few words Ave may give an account of the actual econonii(,' 
condition of Guatemala. 

The grave financial complications of the United States and 
Europe, which countries provide the markets for the products 
and the mart for the financial transactions of Latin American 
countries, have caused a great depression in their monetary 
systems. 

To this cause is due principally the unsettled condition of the 
financial affairs of these countries during the last twent}^ years, 
not only in Central America, but in the Southern continent as 
wello 

To remove false impressions we must illustrate this point. 

The Republic of Colombia has experienced the greatest diffi- 
culties in regard to her financial transactions, unless it be Mexico, 
ever since that counti\v became constantly involved in disorder 
through the terrible internal struggle still going on, 

Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Argentina, LTru- 
guay, Paraguay, Cuba and Santo Domingo, Costa Eica, Nic- 
aragua, Honduras and El Salvador suffer more or less the terri- 
ble consequences of this crisis, aggravated in some of the countries 
through the annual increase in interest on the enormous foreign 
debts. 

Guatemala could not escape becoming likewise involved, 
wherefore the effects of this crisis were felt also there. 

Upon his ascension to power in 1898, Manuel Estrada Cabrera 
encountered a very difficult financial situation, which he ameli- 
orated in the best wsij possible, aided by the great resources of 
the country and through his own ability and honesty. 

By amortizing and paying all foreign interest charges punc- 
tually this debt has been reduced to insignificant proportions as 
compared with the immense production of this prosperous coun- 
tr}^ — one of the richest and most beautiful on the American con- 
tinent. 



22 MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA-S PLACE IN HISTORY 

By reason of tins fact it is easy to nnderstand wln^ now the 
credit of Guatemala is so well established both in Europe and in 
the United States. 

As due to the meritorious endeavors of Manuel Estrada 
Cabrera all the political problems of Guatemala were solved sat- 
isfactoril}", so were also its economical difficulties lessened and 
improved in a manner to indicate the permanent adjustment in 
the near future of this great problem which now affects every 
nation in the world. 



Through the facts we have brieflv related, the reader will 
easily grasp the magnitude of the undertakings prosecuted by 
tlie illustrious statesman we herein honor. 

To him may well and appropriately be applied what Castelar 
said of Gambetta at the end of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870 : 
"He saved his country from ruin like the Savior saved Lazarus 
from death." 



We repeat again, it would be too great a task, indeed impos- 
sible, to describe in detail every act performed by Manuel Estrada 
Cabrera's administration in behalf of Guatemala and through 
which it has risen to the high state of development it now enjoys. 

Such an undertaking would fill a big volume and would require 
more time than is at our disposal. 

Notwithstanding, however, that we must be brief in our appre- 
ciation of his record, it is necessary herein to concisel}^ describe 
the principal measures that have advanced Guatemala during the 
last eighteen years. 



As alreadv related, Ave know that during Eeina Barrios' 
administration in which Manuel Estrada Cabrera held the post 
of Secretary of the Interior and Justice, the latter modified the 
judicial system and introduced a great many reforms in keeping 
with his skill as an attorney and his valuable experience as a 
jurisconsult. 

Subsequently during the years he occupied the presidency of 
the republic, he pursued with commendable zeal and energy this 
work and succeeded admirably in that he insisted that in every 
court, justice should be meted out impartially, and to that end 



I 



MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERAS PLACE IN HISTORY 23 

appointed lionest and competent eonrt officials to administer tlie 
law. 

Likewise, while referring to tlie Salvadorean campaign, we 
have mentioned tlie endeavors made by Mannel Estrada Cabrera 
to reform the army, which toda}^ is under the most excellent disci- 
pline and its organization so perfect that whenever required it 
may be mobilized in a few days and put into the field ready to 
defend the national cause, to the number of over one hundred 
thousand men, composing cavalry, artillery and infantry and 
commanded b}^ brave and able officers. 

We have knowledge of the armies of most of the Spanish 
American republics and we have formed the opinion, confirmed 
bv English, Erench and German military experts, that the best 
drilled and best organized are those of Chile, Argentina and 
Guatemala. 



There is not a single measure for the improvement and benefit 
of the country that was not due to the efforts of the Liberal Party 
which triumphantly came into power in 1871, because the Con- 
servative Party as represented by the administrations of Eafael 
Carrera and Vicente Cerna was unalterably opposed to any 
kind of reform or advanced step. 

The telegraph was first introduced into Guatemala in 1867 by 
a Erenchman, Oscar clu Teil, and the Guatemalans Salvador 
Cob OS and Juan Erancisco Alvarez, who established a line be- 
tween the capital and the City of Amatitlan ; but this undertaking 
failed immediately as it received no support from the government 
which at that time maintained an indiff'erent or antagonistic atti- 
tude toward this wonderful invention, which was considered all 
but a new means of witchcraft. 

It was during Justo Eufino Barrios' administration that a 
regular telegraph system was installed, and improvements have 
been made to it since, especially after 1898, when Manuel Estrada 
Cabrera decided to extend the lines to the cities and towns of the 
republic and build suitable buildings for the purpose, thereby 
securing the present complete and perfect telegraphic service. 

In the month of Eebruary, 1899, the school of telegraphy was 
established in the capital with the object of furnishing the offices 
with competent operators who have materially assisted in per- 
fecting the service. 



24 MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 

Special attention lias been given to the legislative require- 
ments of tins branch and a telegraphic code adopted which has 
produced excellent results; besides, steps have been taken to 
extend and further improve the organization of the system. 

At the end of September, 1881, telephones came into use in 
Guatemala. When President Eeina Barrios died, there were 125 
telephones in the capital and forty-six in the departments. A 
few months after the commencement of the administration of 
Manuel Estrada Cabrera the number had increased to 390, located 
in all parts of the country, and today they have trebled in num- 
ber and the instruments compare Avell with the latest and best 
patents used in the United States. 



The Postoffice Department is well organized since 1871, and 
it has been improved during the succeeding years until 1898, 
when the government decided that it should be equal to that of 
any modern country. 

In fact at the present time it is subject to the international 
conventions and regulations which were accepted and ratified b}^ 
Guatemala at the Universal Postal Union in Switzerland, and 
in that connection we publish the following from a recently pub- 
lished pamphlet: ''To facilitate postal communication and in- 
crease the speed of the service; to imjorove the means of trans- 
mission; to protect the public in the use of the mails, by means 
of constant supervision and observation of the laws, orders and 
regulations; to induce the employees to faithfully observe the 
rules, particularly in regard to preserving the inviolability of the 
mail; to improve the service by instructing the postmasters of 
the republic; to provide the offices with the required facilities to 
suppl}^ local needs; to enlarge the postal lines; to increase the 
number of mail boxes, and establish deliver}^ routes in every 
town for local convenience; to adopt measures of economy and 
for the betterment of the service, so as to expedite in every way 
possible this international branch of xjublic service ; this has been 
the great aim and work performed in Guatemala since the liapp.y 
day that Manuel Estrada Cabrera assumed the presidency of the 
republic. ' ' 

As we referred to the war with El Salvador, which Guatemala 
was compelled to prosecute in order to clef end her honor, we men- 



MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 25 

tioned that Manuel Estrada Cabrera is a devout adherent of 
peace, not only by reason of his natural disposition and educa- 
tion, but also by reason of his intellectual qualification in com- 
prehending that it is absolutely essential to preserve peace, if he 
would succeed in developing the wealth and natural resources of 
the countrj^ and make the people happy and prosperous. 

Wars are also equally justified, for example, when the North- 
ern States raised the great army to crush the confederates who 
sought to divide the American Union in order to maintain the 
infamous slave traffic; when the colonies on this continent under 
courageous leaders like Washington, Bolivar, San Martin and 
Carlos Manuel de Cespedes raised the standard of rebellion and 
heroicall}^ fought for libert}^ and independence ; and finally when 
Justo Rufino Barrios in the name of modern civilization and at 
the head of the Liberal Party in 1871 made an end of the old and 
retrograde party which had so long lorded over Guatemala. 

Those were struggles that have seared men's souls in order to 
save and redeem principles for which humanity marches forward, 
crushing all errors and sins of the past. 

As we justify wars for humane purposes, we condemn other 
wars and revolutions which have had no other aim than to satisfy 
ignoble lust for power or gold, wars that brought ruin and loss of 
prestige to the countries that conducted them. 

How sad to see Mexico in perpetual convulsion, its sons killing 
each other and destroying the future of their country, without 
being able to point to a single honorable or patriotic principle to 
justif}^ the terrible slaughter. 

In the same manner we see other republics of Spanish origin 
often deliver themselves to indiscriminate cutting of throats ; and 
this spectacle is common in all countries where criminal leaders 
are permitted in this way to satisfy their ambitions to acquire 
power for the sake of becoming wealthy. 

Guatemala is one of the few exceptions in the roll of those 
unfortunate countries. Like Costa Rica, Chile and Argentina, 
she enjoys permanent peace and good order, because Manuel 
Estrada Cabrera has given her a government that guarantees all 
rights and liberties, protects liberally agriculture, industry and 
commerce, fosters the accummulation of wealth, and improves 
the condition of the working people, who are satisfied with their 
way of living and therefore remain deaf to all promises of politi- 
cal leaders, who, without a trace of principles, only endeavor to 
deceive them, in their desire to gain ignoble ends by means of 
disturbances and revolution. 



26 MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 

As previously stated, Manuel Estrada Cabrera took office as 
President of the republic upon the death of Eeina Barrios in 
conformity" with the Constitution of the State. 

Although he did not aspire to occuiDy the high ofdce east upon 
him by patriotic dut}'', it would have been a serious breach of 
civic virtue on his part to have withdrawn and like a coward 
permit himself to be eliminated and thereb}^ give opportunity to 
cunning politicians to consummate the crime, thus turning the 
law into a farce to satisfy their personal ambitions and selfish 
interests. 

To have acted in such a manner would have subjected him to 
the censure of his fellow citizens, who would have had the 
undoubted right to take him to task for his conduct as a public 
servant, and his name in history would have l^een branded with 
scorn and shame. 

But he w^as not the type of man who forgetting all sense of 
honor and self respect would have thus disgraced himself and 
run awa}^ like a hunted deer, as jDcrhaps some people imagined 
he would do. 

On the contrar}^, his proud character and soul imbued with 
purest patriotism defied all danger, as his long and honorable 
public life has proven and demonstrated beyond suspicion. 

Guatemalans and the entire world know full well that, in the 
discharge of duties imposed upon him, his heart retained its 
imperturbable calm in the midst of shot and shell, as more than 
once happened during foul plots to assassinate him and from 
which he saved his life only through his great courage and cool- 
headedness. 

It was his desire to retire to private life after ending his pro- 
visional term, when he intended to attend to his personal affairs 
and assist with his experience and ability the newly elected gov- 
ernment, and to that end he set a day for the election which was 
held through all i^arts of the republic under conditions of utmost 
freedom. 

His numerous friends and admirers, however, did not acquiesce 
in his purposes, as they were of the opinion that his work was 
only begun and should be continued, wherefore they cast their 
votes for him and thus elected him President of the republic for 
his first term of six years, in accordance with the provisions of 
the Constitution, and as soon as this term expired he was again 
returned to office by an immense majority, so that under his wise 



MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 2? 

direction the country lias been permitted uninterruptedly to 
reach its present high state of proficiency. 

These elections, carried almost unanimously among the enthu- 
siastic voters who understand the extraordinary^ merits of this 
great statesman and leader, to whom they entrust implicitly the 
destiny of their country, disclose the good judgment of the citi- 
zens of Guatemala, who through the experience already acquired 
by past misfortunes, are justified in their fear that the affairs 
of the nation might fall into hands of men without knowledge 
and experience. 

This unlimited confidence reposed in him demonstrates the 
gratitude of his fellow citizens, who in thus doing him justice, 
compel him also to yield to the will of the people and continue in 
that high office performing his services in behalf of further 
progress. 

At this very time when he insists upon his purpose to retire 
definitely and rest from his labors upon the conclusion of his 
present term, the Guatemalans unitedly protest against such a 
step and are planning at the next election again to make him 
their choice as the only man possessing the sjanpath}^, respect 
and love of his fellow citizens. 

Reviewing impartially the facts stated in the preceding para- 
graphs and considering what we shall say in those that follow, 
the reader may judge the noble superiority of the great patriot 
Manuel Estrada Cabrera and will understand the reasons and 
motives that prompt the people of Guatemala in expressing their 
determination and hope of re-electing him for the next presi- 
dential term. 



He is of an exceedingly modest character, of plain habits, and 
his entire life is spent in the performance of his duties and his 
studies, which together constitute his daily work. 

He is so regular that there are no exceptions in his dail.y 
routine ; each day is a working day and- not one is devoted to rest. 

His strong physical constitution has failed him once in a while 
from overwork, but fortunately each illness has been of short 
duration, owing to the good care he has always taken of his 
bodily health. 

He rises early and keeps busy at work until very late at night, 
attending to the grave and important matters of state, without 
any sign of fatigue until compelled by exhaustion to seek a few 
hours' rest. 



28 MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 

Never — not even in youtli — was lie addicted to pleasures and 
enjoyments so common to that period in life. It seems lie had a 
presentiment of the lieav)^ and great responsibility destiny had 
prepared for him — as he was always serious and circumspect — 
from childhood through all the succeeding years, all devoted as 
before stated to the welfare of the nation. 



Frank and with a fine education, he possesses the skill and 
power to attract the good will and confidence of all persons who 
come into personal contact with him, thereby constantly increas- 
ing the number of his friends. 

Well informed through study, meditation and experience, he 
is admirable in his conversations. The thoughts and expressions 
coming from his lips charm every person having the fortune to 
hear him. American and European diplomats who have known 
him intimately acknowledge the impossibility of evading the 
subtle influence of Manuel Estrada Cabrera's conversation; his 
easy and elegant discourse becomes eloquence in dealing with 
grave and complicated social, iDolitical and economic questions. 

Even his countenance portrays something attractive and 
potent that reveals the mind of the master. In his appearance 
one distinguishes the man of eminence. We have often heard of 
his charming manner and attractive personal bearing concerning 
which we may corroborate the following statement; in fact, as 
we stood before him, we formed the impression that we stood in 
the presence of a great., personality — that of a renowned chief, a 
political and administrative genius. 



It would seem, judging from all the well known facts, as 
hitherto stated, Manuel Estrada Cabrera should not have had a 
single enemy, as he at all times had been inspired by high ideals 
and intentions in promoting the prosperity and legitimate inter- 
ests of Guatemala. 

Such supposition, however, would be erroneous, for history 
demonstrates that those who have made the greatest sacrifices 
for their country, and however much they may have earned the 
gratitude of the majority of their contemporaries, nevertheless 
through their acts engender the envy if not hate of those who 
listen only to their lower passions and the instincts of their per- 
sonal ambition. 

George Washington, who is the symbol of disinterestedness 



I 



MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 29 

and patriotism in its most noble form, suffered insults from Ms 
adversaries; Abraham Lincoln, the martyred redeemer, was the 
victim of severe and harsh criticism by his enemies ; Bolivar, the 
liberator of five countries, was denigrated by the very men who 
owed to his sword their right of being called free; in truth the 
histor}^ of the world demonstrates the impossibility of citing a 
single instance when a great man and benefactor was not exposed 
to the cabal and ill-will of small and wicked minds. 

And this fact is due to the inevitable result of a great boon 
bestowed upon the majority that a few must suffer diminution of 
their particular interests; that no community lacks ambitious 
individuals who view with the hatred of a hjensi the altitude 
reached b}^ others superior to themselves; consequently the envy 
of these wretches boils and flows over without check when con- 
templating how high capacit}^ and merit rises above impotent 
mediocrit}^ and disgraceful cowardice. 

Unhappy law of human nature which is verified in every 
country and clime, and it rules in Guatemala like in every other 
Xjart of the world. 



The unwarranted enemies of Manuel Estrada Cabrera have 
oiilv one weapon against him, and they use this constantly and 
vehemently — this instrument is calumny and slander. 

There is not a single act in his private or public life that his 
opponents have not traduced ; in their rage the}^ have not spared 
even the most sacred sentiments and relations of life, those of a 
son, a father and a husband. 

Any one visiting the countrj^ even for the shortest period is 
convinced that there exists the most complete freedom in Guate- 
mala^ such as never existed before. 

The press which had been subjected to restraint and severe 
censorship is not hindered in any way since his government came 
into power; consequenth^ writers are able to express their views 
without fear of being molested or prosecuted. And owing to this 
condition, there are more printing offices and double the number 
of newspapers than existed under the previous administration. 

Although this fact is fully known, his opponents, in their 
efforts to injure his reputation among foreigners, have published 
articles in Spanish and English stating all kinds of falsehoods 
and representing him as an arrogant dictator who does not toler- 
ate the least criticism. 

We have observed this ruler capable of governing a great 
nation worthily and with distinction, through his great capacity; 



30 MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 

but to repeat ouee more, those wlio liate him from motives of per- 
sonal interest, ambition, enmit}^ or hate engendered b}^ env}^, and 
who are powerless to harm him in an}^ other way, those are the 
persons who heap insults and calumnies against him, using these 
low methods thereby misleading the unwary and ignorant and 
making them believe that Manuel Estrada Cabrera is not the wise 
ruler, the clement and generous character, as he is universally 
acknowledged to be by all who have written concerning his public 
and private life. 

Regarding the absurdities which his enemies publish the whole 
country laughs and finds them ver}'- amusing. Of course such 
things when mentioned in newspapers and at the clubs evoke only 
reflections upon their authors, who are the only ones injured and 
who constitute a group of voluntary exiles sworn not to return 
to Guatemala until they may occupy the most important positions 
at present denied them by their fellow citizens. 

Uiifortunately, there are many persons in other Central and 
South American States, as well as in the United States and 
Europe, who give credit to these false statements to be found in 
venal pamphlets and newspapers — these persons take no trouble 
to investigate the facts or ascertain for themselves the truth or 
falsit}^ of what they read or hear. 

In taking up the pen to describe present conditions of Guate- 
mala, its form of government and the character of its chief execu- 
tive, our only purpose is to describe and make known the history, 
of that republic during the last eighteen- years. 

We had no desire to portray the paltry methods of those who 
in their obsession cannot weigh evidence or understand real facts. 
But it was impossible entirely to overlook them in our endeavors 
to fulfill our mission as faithful historians, wherefore we are 
compelled to expose their nefarious intention of blackening the 
character of one of the most prominent figures in human history. 



Manuel Estrada Cabrera, as is generally known, is the son of 
a most excellent woman, who with her mother's love inculcated 
in the heai't of her child the most tender and noble sentiments, 
which glorified his character and shed lustre over his private 
and public life. 

To his mother Joaquina Cabrera de Estrada it was supreme 
satisfaction to think and to do good. 

To aid the unfortunate b}^ her own hand in her (jwn honored 
home was the hajjpiest event in her life. 



MANUEL ESTRADA CABRERA'S PLACE IN HISTORY 31 

So well did the need}^ know tins her trait that they came there 
for assistance and relief and obtained such without fail. 

She was indeed a noble hearted woman, humble in her saintly 
grandeur, never being vain or proud because of the honors and 
positions heaped upon her son. 

It was she who conceived the idea which brought about the 
construction of the "Maternity Asylum" over the entrance of 
which her son inscribed the name of his beloved mother "Joa- 
quina" in lasting remembrance by all good hearted people. 

Opposite and a short distance from said building the President 
built a hospital for convalescents named "Estrada Cabrera." 

Both are two grand institutions of benevolence that s^mibolize 
the sentiments of the mother transmitted to the son, charity in its 
purest and noblest form. 

With great zeal has the President bestowed his attention upon 
the work of assisting the poor, having spent large sums for the 
purpose out of his own means. 

His private charitable deeds are numberless and spread over 
the entire countr}^ as well as the capital. 

And even to foreign countries, when help has been asked, has 
he rendered assistance to relieve distress and misfortune, and in 
all charitable undertakings his generosity has been proverbial as 
w^e could prove l^y many instances coming to our knowledge. 

We have now briefly described the public life of Manuel 
Estrada Cabrera. 

We have not permitted our pen to be solely guided hy the 
admiration we entertain for this great man, as we have taken 
particular care to state the facts plainly to enable the reader to 
form his own opinion and exercise his jud-gment impartially. 

We have even gone further by omitting a good many favorable 
circumstances, in order to make the truth known to all and to 
avoid the appearance of having exaggerated as might be supposed 
by those who do not know the country, its people and history. 

But imitating Plutarch in his "Lives," wherein he illustrates 
the great men of ancient times, we portray in this little compen- 
dium, in logical sequence, a great historical figure, Manuel 
Estrada Cabrera, in his character of ruler, leader, statesman and 
patriot. 

His great deeds have placed him prominently in the History 
of Humanity, entitling him to the respect and admiration of the 
present and future generations ! 



/ 



iLSKl^ CONGRESS 

■n 



